Mergen, Haluk | Bernsteın, Ira H. | Tavlı, Vedide | Öngel, Kurtuluş | Tavlı, Talat | Tan, Şeref

Article | 2011 | Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni21 ( 4 ) , pp.289 - 301

Amaç: Öğrenci ağırlıklı Türk örneklemine uygulanan Türkçe’ye çevrilmiş 16 maddelik Hızlı Depresif Belirti Envanteri-Özbildirim Formu’nun (HDBE16-ÖF): a) Amerikalı üniversite öğrencilerine uygulanan orijinal Amerikan versiyonu (QIDS-SR_{16}-US) ve b) aynı Türk öğrenci örnekleminde Beck Depresyon Envanteri-II (BDI-II) ile karşılaştırılarak geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamız Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri arasında yapılan bir kültürlerarası geçerlilik çalışmasıdır. Metod: Uludağ Üniversitesi yerleşkesi Aile Sağlığı Merkezi’ne ayaktan başvuran öğrenci ağırlıklı 626 hastaya; www.ids-qids.org adres . . .inden ulaşılabilen ve kısmen modifiye edilerek Türkçe’ye çevrilen HDBE_{16}-ÖF ve BDI-II testleri uygulandı. Ayrıca Güneybatı Teksas Üniversitesi’nde HDBE16-ÖF envanterinin İngilizce orijinal versiyonu olan QIDS-SR_{16}-US 584 öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Betimleyici istatistik, klasik açıklayıcı faktör analizi ve madde tepki kuramı analizleri, SAS ve MPlus istatistik programları ile yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Türk deneklerin ortalama yaşı 21,12,16 (standart sapma) olup %67,8’i kadındı. Türk öğrencilerin aile içi depresyon öyküsü: annede %29, babada %8, kardeşte %14, kendisinde %16 ve akrabada %5 olarak bulundu. Amerikalı deneklerden 225 olguda hiç yaş belirtilmemiş haldeyken ortalama yaş 20.03,5 (standart sapma) ve tüm deneklerin %63,6’sı kadın olarak saptandı. HDBE_{16}-ÖF’nın madde ortalaması 6,944,85 (standart sapma) bulundu. HDBE_{16}-ÖF’ün iç tutarlılık katsayısı (Cronbach ?) 0,78 idi ve ortalama madde-toplam korrelasyon katayısı 0,47 (0,33- 0,61) bulundu. QIDS-SR_{16}-US’nin kaşılaştırılabilir madde ortalaması 6,093,76, Cronbach ? 0,74, madde-toplam korrelasyon katsayısı 0,43 (0,24-0,54) olarak bulundu. Hem HDBE_{16}-ÖF hem de QIDS-SR_{16}-US tek boyutlu iken BDIII tek boyutlu olarak bulunmadı. HDBE_{16}’ün ve QIDS-SR_{16}-US’un madde-total korelasyon ortalaması birbirine benzerdi. BDI-II ile HDBE_{16}-ÖF arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı 0.72 bulundu, bu değer disattenüe edildiğinde 0.90’a çıkmaktaydı. Çoklu grup doğrulayıcı faktör analizi HDBE_{16}-ÖF ve QIDS-SR_{16}-US’un aynı faktör yüküne sahip olduğu farklı değişik eşiklerinin olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu durum depresyon düzeyinde grup farklılıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Türk deneklerin, Amerikalı deneklerden farklı olarak daha fazla depresyon geçirdikleri söylenebilir. Ayrıca HDBE_{16}-ÖF ve BDI-II’nın skorları birbirlerine eşitlenmiştir. Tartışma: HDBE_{16}-ÖF’ün, hem Türkiye hem de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde depresyon tanısı için çok sık kullanılan BDI-II testi gibi iyi psikometrik özellikleri ve yapısal geçerliliği olduğu saptanmıştır. Pek çok ortamda HDBE_{16}-ÖF’ün kullanılmasını önermekteyiz. Objective: To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, selfreported version, in a Turkish student sample (QIDS-SR_{16}-T) by comparing it to (a) the American version (QIDS-SR_{16}-US) and (b) the Turkish version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II-T). Materials and Methods: Slightly modified versions of the QIDS-SR_{16}-T, and the BDI-II-T were administered to 626 outpatients at the Uludağ University campus-based family health center. The QIDS-SR_{16}-US was administered to 584 respondents at an American university. SAS and MPlus were used to provide descriptive statistics, classical exploratory factor analysis, and item response theory analyses (in the form of a multiple group confirmatory factor analysis). Results: The internal consistency (Cronbach α) of the QIDS-SR_{16}-T was 0.77. Both QIDS-SR_{16} versions were unidimensional, but the BDI-II-T was not. The mean QIDS-SR_{16}-T and QIDS-SR_{16}-US item-total correlations were similar. The correlation between the QIDS-SR_{16}-T and BDIII- T was 0.72 (.90 when disattenuated). Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the QIDS-SR_{16}-T and QIDS-SR16-US had the same factor loadings but different intercepts. This reflects group differences in level of depression, perhaps because the Turkish respondents, unlike their US counterparts, were seen in a medical context where illness-related depression is more prevalent. Scores on the QIDS-SR_{16}-T and the BDI-II-T were also equated. Discussion: The QIDS-SR_{16}-T has good psychometric properties and convergent validity with the BDI-II-T. Its use is recommended when a self-reported instrument is appropriate Daha fazlası Daha az

Parildar, H. | Serter, R. | Yeşilada, Erdem

Review | 2011 | Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association61 ( 11 ) , pp.1116 - 1120

This study reports a literature review aimed to analyse various studies related to the use of phytotherapy in diabetes mellitus in Turkey in order to provide additional information for healthcare professionals. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus is rising and many of the diabetics frequently use herbal treatments along with modern medical treatment for glycaemic control and/or improve their well-being. Several electronic databases (such as Medline and Pubmed) were searched for 1990-2010 period (till May, 2010) and 33 related articles were analysed. Many studies-mostly animal trials- have been conducted in this field. Among the herbs . . . most-commonly used along with modern medical therapies and also in folkloric medicine, we searched for bitter melon, cinnamon, fenugreek, olive leaf, black seed and white mulberry. Studies conducted in this field have produced conflicting results and, the necessity to conduct randomized, placebo-controlled clinical human studies to develop new drugs from herbs, as in the case of metformin, still remains important. Besides, further studies are required to address the issues of standardization and quality control of existing preparations. More importantly, healthcare professionals caring for diabetic patients need to be aware of phytotherapy to incorporate phytomedicine into their practices and should undertake more responsibility in relation to these kind of therapies that are commonly-used throughout the world Daha fazlası Daha az

Kalemci, M. | Ince, A.T. | Bonnier, G.

Article | 2011 | International Journal of Thermophysics32 ( 01.02.2020 ) , pp.269 - 277

The uncertainty arising from chemical impurities is the principle contribution in the uncertainty budget of primary level temperature measurements. Impurities in any substance generally decrease the freezing (or triple) point temperature of a substance, and their influence is governed primarily by their behavior at low concentrations in the host material. The depression in temperature due to impurities is theoretically expressed by Raoult's law which, at final analysis, expresses the linearity between ?T (T observed-T pure) and the inverse of the melted fraction (1/F). Recently, TUBITAK UME carried out a new project on the construct . . .ion of new reference mercury fixed-point cells. Within the scope of this study, three different sets of mercury cells with different purity values were fabricated. Three methods were employed to assess the impurity concentration in the cells. The first method is known as the mole fraction sum of impurity components, and the chemical assays form the basis for this kind of assessment. The second method of evaluation is based on a 1/F versus ?T curve, and the slope values obtained from these curves are important. The final method is to directly compare the new cells with a national (or reference) standard mercury cell. The results obtained from three methods of evaluation showed consistency in terms of qualitative analysis. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Daha fazlası Daha az

V.N. Geyikdagi

Review | 2011 | Enterprise and Society12 ( 3 ) , pp.525 - 561

Foreign direct investment entered into the Ottoman Empire to support and develop foreign trade. Europeans who wanted to sell their manufactured products and acquire raw materials were instrumental in the construction of trade-related infrastructure in this country. Therefore, the first French investments, like those of other countries, were made for constructing railways and ports. The growth of raw material production in primary commodities, finally led to an increase in the number of foreign service companies such as banks and insurance providers that served these transport and production facilities. The initial motivations of Fre . . .nch investors were mainly economic as they tried to find new markets and secure a viable share in these markets before their international competitors. Motives gradually became political as the opinion about the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire got stronger by the end of the nineteenth century. The French government assisted its investors in obtaining important concessions for investments in Anatolia, the Balkans, and the Arab provinces of the Empire Daha fazlası Daha az

Aydin, M. | Kislal, F.M. | Ayar, A. | Demirol, M. | Kabakus, N | Canatan, H. | Yoldas, T.K.

Article | 2011 | Bratislava Medical Journal112 ( 5 ) , pp.227 - 234

Background: In the present study, the effects of fever and hyperthermia, and different anti hyperthermia treatment modalities on the brain by was investigated by using experimental animal model Materials and methods: Endogenous hyperthermia (41 °C) was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, and the signs of probable neuronal damage were evaluated by healthy, necrotic and apoptotic cells, and heat-shock proteins (HSP 27 and HSP 70) in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hypothalamus. The animals were treated with widely used treatment modalities for high fever in pediatric practice, namely hypothermia, dexamethasone, paracetamol . . .and diclofenac, and their effect on the hyperthermia-induced brain changes were evaluated. Results: Generalized seizure was observed in fifteen rats of which rectal temperature achieved 41°C (15/36, 41%); five of them died on second day (5/15, 33%). LPS-induced endogenous hyperthermia; (i) caused significant increase of necrotic cells in cerebral cortex and cerebellum and apoptotic cells in all three regions ( Daha fazlası Daha az

Unite, Canan Aslı

Other | 2011 | Glokom Katarakt6 ( 1 ) , pp.1 - 10

Uyum, gözün odak mesafesini uzak cisimlerden yakın cisimlere değiştirebilme kabiliyetini sağlayan, gözün refraktif gücünündeki dioptrik değişikliktir. Presbiyopi, uyum aralığının daralması nedeniyle gözün yakın noktasının gözden uzağa gerilemesidir. Siliyer cisim, siliyer kas, koroid, anterior ve posterior zonüler lifler, lens kapsülü ve kristalin lens, gözün uyum anatomisini oluşturur. Vitreus cisminin rolünü hem destekleyen hem karşı çıkan görüşler mevcuttur. Uyum kabiliyeti ve mekanizması omurgalılar arasında, yaşadıkları çevresel/görsel koşullar ve uyum gereksinimleri kadar çok farklılıklar gösterir. Uyum mekanizması üzerinde on . . .dördüncü yüzyıldan bu yana çalışılmaktadır. Günümüzde yaygın olarak kabul gören Helmholtz’un “Kristalin Lens Elastisite Teorisi”ne göre, uyum manevrası sırasında siliyer kas anteriora ve iç eksene doğru kasılır. Zonüllerin gerilim lifleri, tüm sistem için bir makara veya çıkrık görevi görerek, gerilim kuvvetini posterior zonüllere aktarır; ve anterior zonüler lifler 360 gevşer. Kristalin lens, kendi elastisitesi ile şişkinleşir. Anterior lens yüzeyi eğimi artar, eğrilik yarıçapı azalır ve verteksi öne yerdeğiştirir. Posterior lens yüzeyi eğimi de hafifçe artar, fakat kendi yerinde kalır. Böylece lens merkezde kalınlaşır. Hiçbir zaman lensin ön yüzeyi, arka yüzeyden daha dik olmaz. Glasser ve ark., makak maymunlarında, cerrahi anestezi altında göze giden parasempatik yolları elektriksel olarak uyararak uyum mekanizmasını in vivo ortamda incelemişler ve Helmholtz’un uyum teorisini kanıtlamışlardır. Artan yaşla birlikte tüm uyum yapılarında değişiklikler meydana gelmekle birlikte, presbiyopi gerçekleşmesinde lens ve kapsül temelli değişiklikler en büyük rolü oynamaktadır. Accommodation is the dioptric change in the refractive power of the eye, so that the eye can change its point of focus from distance to near. Presbyopia is the receding of the eye’s near point away from the eye, due to narrowing of the accommodative amplitude. Ciliary body, ciliary muscle, choroid, anterior and posterior zonular fibers, lens capsule and crystalline lens make up the accommodative anatomy of the eye. The role of the vitreus is both supported and opposed by different theories. The ability and mechanism of accommodation vary among vertebrates, as much as their environmental/visual circumstances and accommodative needs do. The accommodative mechanism has been studied since fourteenth century. Currently widely accepted Helmholtz’s “Crystalline Lens Elasticity Theory” states that during accommodative maneuver, ciliary muscle contracts anteriorly and towards the axis of the eye. Zonullar tension system works as a pulley for the entire system and transfers the tension force to the posterior zonules, so that the anterior zonules are relaxed for 360°. The crystalline lens becomes more spherical with its own elasticity. The anterior lenticular curvature increases, radius of curvature decreases and the vertex displaces anteriorly. Posterior lenticular curvature also increases slightly, but remains in its own place. Thus, the lens is thickened centrally. The anterior surface never becomes steeper than the posterior surface. Glasser et al have proved the Helmholtz’s theory of accommodation by studying the accommodative mechanism in vivo in rhesus monkeys, by electrically stimulating the parasympathetic pathways under surgical anesthesia. Although age related changes take place in all accommodative structures, lens and capsule based changes have the greatest role in the occurence of presbyopia Daha fazlası Daha az

Kotan, R. | Şahin, Fikrettin | Demirci, E. | Eken, C.

Erratum | 2011 | Biological Control59 ( 3 ) , pp.1 - 10

[No abstract available]

Acuner, İbrahim Çağatay | Bayramoğlu, Gülçin | Birinci, Asuman | Cihan, Çekiç Çiğdem | Bek, Yüksel | Durupınar, Belma

Article | 2011 | Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni45 ( 3 ) , pp.411 - 421

Pseudomonas aeruginosa toplumdan edinilmiş veya nozokomiyal enfeksiyonlarla ilişkili olan önemli bir fırsatçı patojendir. Çok ilaca dirençli (ÇİD) P.aeruginosa suşlarının neden olduğu epidemiler artmakta ve çeşitli hastane servislerinde ve coğrafi bölgelerde yayılmaktadır. ÇİD P.aeruginosa enfeksiyonlarının tedavisinde karbapenemler en etkili antibiyotiklerdendir ve başlangıç tedavisinde meropenem en başarılı alternatiftir. Özellikle ciddi enfeksiyonlarda, tedavinin uygunsuz veya yetersiz başlanması, bağımsız olarak, istenmeyen klinik ve ekonomik sonuçlarla ilişkilidir. Bu durumda duyarlılık testinin, doğru ve hızlı olarak yapılabil . . .mesi önceliklidir. Otomatize mikrobiyoloji sistemlerinin çoğunluğu, 8-12 saat içinde hızlı sonuçlar sağlayabilmektedir. Antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testlerinde, özellikle bazı mikroorganizma- antimikrobiyal ilaç grupları için, otomatize sistemlerde konvansiyonel yöntemlere kıyasla sorunlar yaşandığı bildirilmiştir. Daha önce literatürde, özellikle P.aeruginosa’ya karşı yapılan karbapenem duyarlılık testlerinde başarısız sonuçlar bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmaların çoğunluğu, “Food and Drug Administration (FDA, ABD)” performans analizi şemasının (Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Systems) basitleştirilmiş biçimi olarak tasarlanmıştır. Ancak, bu çalışmaların çoğunun çalışma tasarımında majör yetersizlikler vardır. Bunlar arasında, yetersiz örneklem büyüklüğü, uygun olmayan referans yöntem kullanımı, tekrarlanabilirlik testlerinin eksikliği ve çalışma izolatlarının yorumlama kategorilerine yetersiz dağılımı dikkat çekicidir. Literatürde, yeterli örneklem büyüklüğü ile (n 100), otomatize mikrobiyoloji sistemlerinde klinik P.aeruginosa izolatlarının karbapenem antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testi performansını değerlendiren yalnızca beş adet çalışmaya rastlanmaktadır. Ancak bu çalışmaların çoğunun da çalışma tasarımında bir veya birkaç majör yetersizlik vardır. Dahası, bu çalışmaların hiçbirisi, VITEK 2 sisteminin performansını çalışma tasarımında majör bir yetersizlik olmaksızın değerlendirmemiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, VITEK 2 sisteminin (bioMérieux, Fransa) klinik P.aeruginosa izolatlarının meropenem antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testindeki performansını, çalışma tasarımında majör bir yetersizlik olmaksızın değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma, tekrarlardan arındırılmış klinik kökenli P.aeruginosa izolatlarında (n 142) yapılmıştır. İzolatlar, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Hastanesi Tıp Laboratuvarları Kültür Koleksiyonları Birimindeki izolat koleksiyonlarından seçilmiştir. Çalışma koleksiyonu, konvansiyonel testler ve VITEK 2 otomatize mikrobiyoloji sistemiyle tanımlanmıştır. Referans yöntemi olarak, “Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute” tarafından standardize edilmiş sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tüm deney basamaklarında, P.aeruginosa ATCC 27853 kalite kontrol suşu kullanılmıştır. Meropenemin (AstraZeneca, ABD) iki-kat dilüsyonları, 64 mg/L ve 0.125 mg/L konsantrasyonları arasında test edilmiştir. FDA önerilerine uygun olarak, çalışma izolatlarının minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonlarının ölçek içinde olduğu ve her iki yöntemde de beş ardışık dilüsyon aralığında dağıldığı gösterilmiştir. Tekrarlanabilirlik testlerinde, 15 izolat VITEK 2 sistemi ile üçer kez test edilmiştir. Tekrarlanabilirlik testlerinin sonuçları, referans olarak test moduna (bir izolat için en sık elde edilen test sonucu) kıyasla değerlendirilmiştir. Tekrarlanabilirlik %100 olarak saptanmıştır. Referans yönteme kıyasla VITEK 2 sisteminin esansiyel ve kategorik uyumu, sırasıyla, %83.8 ve %96.5 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çok büyük ve küçük uyumsuzluk oranları sırasıyla, %1.4 ve %2.8 olarak izlenirken, büyük uyumsuzluk saptanmamıştır. FDA performans ölçütlerine göre esansiyel uyum sonuçları kabul edilemezken, kategorik uyum kabul edilebilir bulunmuştur. Kappa istatistiği ile yöntemler arasında çok iyi düzeyde uyum belirlenmiştir (? 0.938). Sonuç olarak, VITEK 2 sistemi, P.aeruginosa klinik izolatlarının duyarlılık testinde kabul edilebilir performans sergilemiştir. Pazara giriş öncesi alınan onay uygun bir validasyonu garanti etmeyebileceği için, laboratuvarda günlük kullanım için uygulanmadan önce otomatize mikrobiyoloji sistemlerinin antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testi performansı en azından verifiye edilmeli, performans değerlendirmesi sonuçlarını bildiren literatür bile eleştirel olarak okunmalıdır. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with various community- acquired or nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant P.aeruginosa strains increasingly cause epidemics and spread in various hospital wards and geographic regions. Carbapenems are among the most effective antimicrobials in the treatment of multi-drug resistant P.aeruginosa infections, and meropenem is the most successful among alternatives in initial therapy. Particularly in severe infections, inappropriate or inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy is independently associated with adverse clinical and economic outcomes. Availability of accurate and rapid susceptibility testing is a priority. Most of the automated microbiology systems can provide rapid results within 8 to 12 hours. In comparison to standard methods, problems in the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of particular microorganisms and antimicrobial agents have been reported for automated microbiology systems. Failures have been reported previously especially in the susceptibility testing of P.aeruginosa versus carbapenem. Mostof these studies are designed according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) performance analysis scheme (Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Systems) in a simplified form. However, there are many lacking issues in the design of most of these studies. Among these, insufficient sample size, use of inappropriate reference method, lack of reproducibility testing, and inadequate distribution of study isolates in interpretative categories are of notice. There are only few studies in the literature that evaluate the performance of automated systems in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of carbapenems in clinical P.aeruginosa isolates with a sufficient sample size (n ≥ 100). However, most of these studies still have one or more major deficiencies in the study design. Furthermore, none of these studies evaluate the performance of VITEK 2 system without a major deficiency in study design. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the performance of VITEK 2 system (bioMérieux, France) in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of carbapenems in clinical P.aeruginosa isolates in a well-designed study. The study was conducted on nonrepetitive P.aeruginosa isolates (n 142) of clinical origin. Isolates were selected from the isolate collections of Culture Collection Unit of the Medical Laboratories at Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital. The study collection was characterized with conventional tests and the VITEK 2 automated microbiology system. Broth microdilution method standardized by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute was used as the reference method. P.aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was used as the quality control strain in all experimental steps. Twofold dilutions of meropenem (AstraZeneca, USA) concentrations between 64 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L were tested. In compliance with FDA recommendations, minimum inhibitory concentrations of study isolates were shown to be on-scale and distributed within the range of five sequential dilutions in both methods. In reproducibility testing, 15 organisms were tested with VITEK 2 system in triplicate. Results of the reproducibility tests were evaluated in comparison to the test mode (the most frequent test result for the isolate) as a reference. Overall reproducibility was 100%. Essential and categorical agreements of the VITEK 2 system in comparison to the reference method were 83.8% and 96.5%, respectively. Very major and minor discrepancy rates were 1.4% and 2.8%, respectively. There was no major discrepancy. While the results of the essential agreement was not acceptable, categorical agreement was acceptable according to the FDA performance criteria. There was very good agreement between methods as shown by the kappa value (κ 0.938). In conclusion, VITEK 2 system exhibited acceptable performance in the meropenem susceptibility testing of clinical P.aeruginosa isolates. As pre-market approval may not guarantee proper validation, performance of the automated microbiology systems in antimicrobial susceptibility testing should at least be verified and the literature that reports performance evaluation results should be read critically before implementation for routine use in laboratory Daha fazlası Daha az

Oner, M.A.

Erratum | 2011 | Futures43 ( 6 ) , pp.411 - 421

[No abstract available]

Turan, M. | Esitken, A. | Şahin, Fikrettin

Book Part | 2011 | Bacteria in Agrobiology: Stress Management , pp.41 - 63

Soil degradation refers to decline in the soil's productivity through deterioration of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. The most important processes and causes of degradation are water-wind erosion, salinization, alkalinization, acidification, and leaching and soil pollution. The rate of soil degradation is directly related to unsuitable land use. While growers routinely use physical and chemical approaches to manage the soil environment to improve crop yields, the application of microbial products for this purpose is less common. However, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can prevent the deleterious eff . . .ects of one or more stressors from the environment. These beneficial microorganisms can be a significant component of management practices to achieve the attainable yield in degraded soil. In such soils, the natural role of stress-tolerant PGPRs in maintaining soil fertility is more important than in conventional agriculture. Besides their role in metal detoxification/removal, salinization, and acidification, rhizobacteria also promote the growth of plants by other mechanisms such as production of growth promoting substances and siderophores. Remediation with PGPRs is called bioremediation in degraded soil and is another emerging low-cost in situ technology (Cohen et al. Int J Green Energy 3:301-312, 2004) employed to remove or alleviate pollutants, salinity, and acidification stress from the degraded land. The efficiency of bioremediation can be enhanced by the judicious and careful application of appropriate heavy metal, salinity, acidity tolerant, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria including symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organisms. This review presents the results of studies on the recent developments in the utilization of PGPR for direct application in soils degraded with heavy metals, salinity, and acidity under a wide range of agroecological conditions with a view to restore degraded soils and consequently, promote crop productivity in degraded soils across the globe and their significance in bioremediation. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012. All rights are reserved Daha fazlası Daha az

Ertas, G | Doran, S | Leach, MO

Article | 2011 | PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY56 ( 24 ) , pp.7795 - 7811

In this study, we introduce a novel, robust and accurate computerized algorithm based on volumetric principal component maps and template matching that facilitates lesion detection on dynamic contrast-enhanced MR. The study dataset comprises 24 204 contrast-enhanced breast MR images corresponding to 4034 axial slices from 47 women in the UK multi-centre study of MRI screening for breast cancer and categorized as high risk. The scans analysed here were performed on six different models of scanner from three commercial vendors, sited in 13 clinics around the UK. 1952 slices from this dataset, containing 15 benign and 13 malignant lesi . . .ons, were used for training. The remaining 2082 slices, with 14 benign and 12 malignant lesions, were used for test purposes. To prevent false positives being detected from other tissues and regions of the body, breast volumes are segmented from pre-contrast images using a fast semi-automated algorithm. Principal component analysis is applied to the centred intensity vectors formed from the dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images of the segmented breasts, followed by automatic thresholding to eliminate fatty tissues and slowly enhancing normal parenchyma and a convolution and filtering process to minimize artefacts from moderately enhanced normal parenchyma and blood vessels. Finally, suspicious lesions are identified through a volumetric sixfold neighbourhood connectivity search and calculation of two morphological features: volume and volumetric eccentricity, to exclude highly enhanced blood vessels, nipples and normal parenchyma and to localize lesions. This provides satisfactory lesion localization. For a detection sensitivity of 100%, the overall false-positive detection rate of the system is 1.02/lesion, 1.17/case and 0.08/slice, comparing favourably with previous studies. This approach may facilitate detection of lesions in multi-centre and multi-instrument dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MR data Daha fazlası Daha az

Özdemir-Karataş, M. | Özdemir-Özenen, D. | Balik, A. | Erman, B.T.

Article | 2011 | Cumhuriyet Dental Journal14 ( 1 ) , pp.64 - 68

In the last fifty years great strides have been made in implantology. Recently, although implant and bone connection has an acceptable success, complications such as inflammation, fibrosis, thrombosis and infection still remains. With the progression in genetics and tissue engineering, advanced studies are needed. Tissue response of implant-bone contact area must be in a desired level and immune reactions must be promoted for complications to be minimized. Also remodeling or enlargement of alveolar bone for placement of implant becomes possible with tissue engineering.