Why have France, the USA and Russia failed to fight against terrorism in Africa ?

In the 21st century, Islamic terrorism emerges as a very important security and stability threat for many countries all over the world. Jihadist terrorism which is a global terrorism targeting everyone who does not adopt the tendency of Islamic fundamentalism poses a very significant security threat not only for underdeveloped countries but also developed ones. Today, Africa is a continent where Islamic terrorism has been extending and causing many casualties. According to Global Terrorism Index, Burkina Faso has the GTI score of 8.564 and second on the list of Overall Terrorism Index Score. Somalia is the third with the score of 8.463, Mali is the fourth with the score of 8.412 ( Global Terrorism Index, 2023). France, the USA and Russia have been the main countries fighting against the jihadist terror organizations in Africa. The aim of this study is to examine the reasons of failures of these three global powers for combatting terrorism in Africa.